The rapidly evolving chemical sensor chemistry is strongly related to photochemistry because the signal transmission or output of chemical sensors is caused by the interactions of an analyte with different spectral changes based on photophysical changes in the [sensor-chemical-analyte] set. The design principle of such sensor chemistry consists of three main processes: (1) to separate analytes, (2) to obtain a specific analyte from a complex mixture, and (3) to generate or amplify a signal based on analytical and supramolecular chemistry from a set [chemical-analytic] [89]. Compared to conventional analytical techniques, chemometers (chemical sensors) have received more attention from researchers in the chemical and materials science communities, mainly due to their unique properties, for example, low cost, small size for portability, high sensitivity and selectivity, and fast response for real-time on-site detection, etc. [90]. The rapid development of new techniques in chemical sensing has led to the availability of many useful sensors that are not based on electrical responses as an electronic nose solution, particularly optical sensors are notable among a variety of chemical sensors. The most common optical sensors are based on colorimetric or fluorescent changes due to intermolecular reactions between chromophores or fluorophores with analytes [79]. The chemical performance of optical sensors relies on the logical design of fluorophore or molecular chromophore structures [90]. By combining array-based techniques that use a diverse chemical set of interaction sensor elements with new digital imaging techniques, a hybrid response pattern can be generated as a unique optical "fingerprint" for each specific analyte. [79, 91, 92].
The
rapidly
evolving
chemical
sensor chemistry is
strongly
related to photochemistry
because
the signal transmission or output of
chemical
sensors
is caused
by the interactions of an analyte with
different
spectral
changes
based on
photophysical
changes
in the [sensor-chemical-analyte] set. The design principle of such sensor chemistry consists of three main processes: (1) to separate analytes, (2) to obtain a specific analyte from a complex mixture, and (3) to generate or amplify a signal based on analytical and
supramolecular
chemistry from a set [chemical-analytic] [89]. Compared to conventional analytical
techniques
,
chemometers
(chemical
sensors) have received more attention from researchers in the
chemical
and materials science communities,
mainly
due to their unique properties,
for example
, low cost,
small
size for portability, high sensitivity and selectivity, and
fast
response for real-time on-site detection, etc. [90]. The rapid development of new
techniques
in
chemical
sensing has led to the availability of
many
useful sensors that are not based on electrical responses as an electronic nose solution,
particularly
optical sensors are notable among a variety of
chemical
sensors. The most common optical sensors
are based
on colorimetric or fluorescent
changes
due to intermolecular reactions between
chromophores
or
fluorophores
with analytes [79].
The
chemical
performance of optical sensors relies on the logical design of
fluorophore
or molecular
chromophore
structures [90]. By combining array-based
techniques
that
use
a diverse
chemical
set of interaction sensor elements with new digital imaging
techniques
, a hybrid response pattern can
be generated
as a unique optical
"
fingerprint
"
for each specific analyte. [79, 91, 92].