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I am from Bangladesh.It is most prestigious country of world.There are plathora of problems in our country.

I am from Bangladesh. It is most prestigious country of world. There are plathora of problems in our country. 5aLwe
reatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, particularly in overweight patients when dietary management and exercise alone does not result in adequate glycaemic control. In adults: Metformin may be used as monotherapy or in combination with other oral antidiabetic agents or with insulin. In children from 10 years of age and adolescents: Metformin may be used as monotherapy or in combination with insulin. A reduction of diabetic complications has been shown in overweight type 2 diabetic adult patients treated with metformin as first-line therapy after diet failure. Pharmacology Metformin is a biguanide type oral antihyperglycemic drug used in the management of type 2 diabetes. It lowers both basal and postprandial plasma glucose. Its mechanism of action is different from those of sulfonylureas and it does not produce hypoglycemia. Metformin decreases hepatic glucose production, decreases intestinal absorption of glucose and improves insulin sensitivity by an increase in peripheral glucose uptake and utilization. Dosage & Administration Metformin immediate release tablet: Dosage of Metformin Hydrochloride must be individualized on the basis of both effectiveness and tolerance, while not exceeding the maximum recommended daily doses. Adult: The usual starting dose of Metformin is 500 mg twice a day or 850 mg once a day, given with meals. Dosage increases should be made in increments of 500 mg weekly or 850 mg every 2 weeks, up to a total of 2000 mg per day, given in divided doses. For those patients requiring additional glycemic control, Glucomin may be given to a maximum daily dose of 2550 mg per day. Doses above 2000 mg may be better tolerated given three times a day with meals. Children: The usual starting dose of Metformin is 500 mg twice a day, given with meals. Dosage increases should be made in increments of 500 mg weekly up to a maximum of 2000 mg per day, given in divided doses. Metformin extended release tablet: Swallow Metformin XR tablet whole and never crush, cut or chew. Adult: The usual starting dose of Metformin XR is 500 mg once daily with the evening meal. Dose should be increased in increments of 500 mg weekly, up to a maximum of 2000 mg once daily with the evening meal, alternatively increased to 1000 mg twice daily taken with meal. Patient receiving Metformin immediate release tablet may be switched to Metformin extended release tablet up to a maximum recommended daily dose. Children: Metformin extended release tablet has not been studied in children. Renal impaired patient: Do not use Metformin in patients with eGFR below 30 mL/min/1. 73 m2. Asses risk/benefit of counting if eGFR falls below 45 mL/min/1. 73 m2. * চিকিৎসকের পরামর্শ মোতাবেক ঔষধ সেবন করুন' Interaction Co-administration with Carbonic anhydrase (Topiramate, Zonisamide) may increase risk of lactic acidosis. Drugs (Ranolazine, Dolutegravir, Cimetidine) that reduce Metformin clearance may increase the accumulation of Metformin. Alcohol can potentiate the effect of Metformin on lactate metabolism. Contraindications Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients. Any type of acute metabolic acidosis (such as lactic acidosis, diabetic ketoacidosis). Severe renal failure (GFR <30 mL/min). Acute conditions with the potential to alter renal function such as: dehydration, severe infection, shock. Acute or chronic disease, which may cause tissue hypoxia such as: cardiac or respiratory failure, recent myocardial infarction, shock, Hepatic insufciency, acute alcohol intoxication, alcoholism. Side Effects Blood and lymphatic system disorders: Not known: Hemolytic anemia Metabolism and nutrition disorders: Very rare: Lactic acidosis. Decrease of vitamin B12 absorption with a decrease of serum levels during long-term use of metformin. Consideration of such etiology is recommended if a patient presents with megaloblastic anemia. Cases of peripheral neuropathy in patients with vitamin B12 deficiency have been reported in post-marketing experience (frequency not known) Nervous system disorders: Common: Taste disturbance. Not known: Encephalopathy Gastrointestinal disorders: Very common: Gastrointestinal disorders, such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and loss of appetite. These undesirable effects occur most frequently during the initiation of therapy and resolve spontaneously in most cases. To prevent them, it is recommended that metformin be taken in 2 or 3 daily doses during or after meals. A slow increase of the dose may also improve gastrointestinal tolerability. Hepatobiliary disorders: Very rare: Isolated reports of liver function test abnormalities or hepatitis resolving upon metformin discontinuation. Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders: Very rare: Skin reactions, such as erythema, pruritus, urticaria. Pregnancy & Lactation Pregnancy: Uncontrolled diabetes during pregnancy (gestational or permanent) is associated with an increased risk of congenital abnormalities and perinatal mortality. When the patient plans to become pregnant and during pregnancy, it is recommended that diabetes is not treated with metformin but insulin be used to maintain blood glucose levels as close to normal as possible, to reduce the risk of malformations of the foetus. Breastfeeding: Metformin is excreted into human breast milk. No adverse efects were observed in breastfed newborns/infants. However, as only limited data are available, breastfeeding is not recommended during metformin treatment. A decision on whether to discontinue breastfeeding should be made, taking into account the benefit of breastfeeding and the potential risk to adverse effects on the child. Precautions & Warnings Metformin Hydrochloride is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney and the risk of Metformin accumulation and lactic acidosis increases with the degree of impairment of renal function. Metformin may lower vitamin B12 level. It also increases risk of hypoglycemia when use in combination with insulin or insulin secretagogue. Use in Special Populations Elderly: Due to the potential for decreased renal function in elderly subjects, the metformin dosage should be adjusted based on renal function. Regular assessment of renal function is necessary. Pediatric population: The diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus should be confirmed before treatment with metformin is initiated. No effect of metformin on growth and puberty has been detected during controlled clinical studies of one-year duration but no long-term data on these specific points are available. Therefore, a careful follow-up of the effect of metformin on these parameters in metformin-treated children, especially prepubescent children, is recommended. Children aged between 10 and 12 years: Particular caution is recommended when prescribing to children aged between 10 and 12 years. Renal function: As metformin is excreted by the kidney, creatinine clearance (this can be estimated from serum creatinine levels by using the Cockcroft-Gault formula) should be determined before initiating treatment and regularly thereafter: At least annually in patients with normal renal function, At least two to four times a year in patients with creatinine clearance at the lower limit of normal and in elderly subjects. Decreased renal function in elderly subjects is frequent and asymptomatic. Special caution should be exercised in situations where renal function may become impaired, for example when initiating antihypertensive therapy or diuretic therapy and when starting therapy with a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). GFR should be assessed before treatment initiation and regularly thereafter. Metformin is contraindicate in patients with GFR<30 ml/min and should be temporarily discontinued in the presence of conditions that alter renal function. Overdose Effects Hypoglycemia has not been seen with Metformin doses up to 85 gm, although lactic acidosis has occurred in such circumstances. Lactic acidosis is a medical emergency and must be treated in hospital. The most effective method to remove lactate and Metformin is hemodialysis. Therapeutic Class Biguanides Storage Conditions Keep below 30°C temperature, protected from light & moisture. Keep out of the reach of children. © Medex ™ About Us Privacy Policy Disclaimer Terms of Use Mobile App ↑
reatment
of
type
2 diabetes mellitus,
particularly
in overweight
patients
when dietary management and exercise alone does not result in adequate
glycaemic
control.

In adults: Metformin may be
used
as
monotherapy
or in combination with other oral
antidiabetic
agents or with insulin.

In
children
from 10 years of age and adolescents: Metformin may be
used
as
monotherapy
or in combination with insulin.

A reduction of diabetic complications has
been shown
in overweight
type
2 diabetic adult
patients
treated with metformin as
first
-line
therapy
after diet failure.

Pharmacology

Metformin is a
biguanide
type
oral
antihyperglycemic
drug
used
in the management of
type
2 diabetes. It lowers both basal and postprandial plasma glucose. Its mechanism of action is
different
from those of
sulfonylureas
and it does not produce hypoglycemia. Metformin
decreases
hepatic glucose production,
decreases
intestinal absorption of glucose and
improves
insulin sensitivity by an
increase
in peripheral glucose uptake and utilization.

Dosage & Administration

Metformin immediate
release
tablet:
Dosage
of Metformin Hydrochloride
must
be individualized
on the basis of both effectiveness and tolerance, while not exceeding the maximum
recommended
daily
doses.

Adult: The usual starting
dose
of Metformin is 500 mg twice a day or 850 mg once a day,
given
with
meals
.
Dosage
increases
should
be made
in increments of 500 mg weekly or 850 mg every 2 weeks, up to a total of 2000 mg per day,
given
in divided
doses
. For those
patients
requiring additional
glycemic
control,
Glucomin
may be
given
to a maximum
daily
dose
of 2550 mg per day.
Doses
above 2000 mg may be better tolerated
given
three times a day with meals.

Children: The usual starting
dose
of Metformin is 500 mg twice a day,
given
with
meals
.
Dosage
increases
should
be made
in increments of 500 mg weekly up to a maximum of 2000 mg per day,
given
in divided doses.

Metformin extended
release
tablet: Swallow Metformin XR tablet whole and never crush,
cut
or chew.

Adult: The usual starting
dose
of Metformin XR is 500 mg once
daily
with the evening
meal
.
Dose
should
be increased
in increments of 500 mg weekly, up to a maximum of 2000 mg once
daily
with the evening
meal
,
alternatively
increased to 1000 mg twice
daily
taken with
meal
.
Patient
receiving Metformin immediate
release
tablet may
be switched
to Metformin extended
release
tablet up to a maximum
recommended
daily
dose.

Children: Metformin extended
release
tablet has not
been studied
in children.

Renal impaired
patient
: Do not
use
Metformin in
patients
with
eGFR
below 30 mL/min/1. 73 m2. Asses
risk
/benefit of counting if
eGFR
falls below 45 mL/min/1. 73 m2.

*
চিকিৎসকের
পরামর্শ
মোতাবেক
ঔষধ
সেবন
করুন
'

Interaction

Co-administration with Carbonic
anhydrase
(
Topiramate
,
Zonisamide
) may
increase
risk
of lactic
acidosis
. Drugs (
Ranolazine
,
Dolutegravir
,
Cimetidine
) that
reduce
Metformin clearance may
increase
the accumulation of Metformin. Alcohol can potentiate the
effect
of Metformin on lactate metabolism.

Contraindications

Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the
excipients
.

Any
type
of acute metabolic
acidosis
(such as lactic
acidosis
, diabetic ketoacidosis).

Severe renal failure (GFR <30 mL/min).

Acute conditions with the potential to alter renal
function
such as: dehydration, severe infection, shock.

Acute or chronic disease, which may cause tissue hypoxia such as: cardiac or respiratory failure, recent myocardial infarction, shock, Hepatic
insufciency
, acute alcohol intoxication, alcoholism.

Side Effects

Blood and lymphatic system disorders: Not known:
Hemolytic
anemia

Metabolism and nutrition disorders:
Very
rare: Lactic
acidosis
.
Decrease
of vitamin B12 absorption with a
decrease
of serum
levels
during long-term
use
of metformin. Consideration of such etiology is
recommended
if a
patient
presents with
megaloblastic
anemia. Cases of peripheral neuropathy in
patients
with vitamin B12 deficiency have
been reported
in post-marketing experience (frequency not known)

Nervous system disorders: Common: Taste disturbance. Not known:
Encephalopathy


Gastrointestinal disorders:
Very
common: Gastrointestinal disorders, such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and loss of appetite. These undesirable effects occur most
frequently
during the initiation of
therapy
and resolve
spontaneously
in most cases
. To
prevent
them, it is
recommended
that metformin
be taken
in 2 or 3
daily
doses
during or after
meals
. A slow
increase
of the
dose
may
also
improve
gastrointestinal
tolerability
.

Hepatobiliary
disorders:
Very
rare: Isolated reports of liver
function
test
abnormalities or hepatitis resolving upon metformin discontinuation.

Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders:
Very
rare: Skin reactions, such as erythema,
pruritus
, urticaria.

Pregnancy & Lactation

Pregnancy: Uncontrolled diabetes during pregnancy (gestational or permanent)
is associated
with an increased
risk
of congenital abnormalities and perinatal mortality. When the
patient
plans to become pregnant and during pregnancy, it is
recommended
that diabetes is not treated with metformin
but
insulin be
used
to maintain blood glucose
levels
as close to normal as possible, to
reduce
the
risk
of malformations of the
foetus
.

Breastfeeding: Metformin
is excreted
into human breast milk. No adverse
efects
were observed
in breastfed newborns/infants.
However
, as
only
limited data are available, breastfeeding is not
recommended
during metformin
treatment
. A decision on whether to discontinue breastfeeding should
be made
, taking into account the benefit of breastfeeding and the potential
risk
to adverse effects on the child.

Precautions & Warnings

Metformin Hydrochloride
is known
to be
substantially
excreted by the kidney and the
risk
of Metformin accumulation and lactic
acidosis
increases
with the degree of impairment of renal
function
. Metformin may lower vitamin B12
level
. It
also
increases
risk
of hypoglycemia when
use
in combination with insulin or insulin
secretagogue
.

Use
in Special Populations

Elderly: Due to the potential for decreased renal
function
in elderly subjects, the metformin
dosage
should
be adjusted
based on renal
function
. Regular assessment of renal
function
is necessary.

Pediatric population: The diagnosis of
type
2 diabetes mellitus should
be confirmed
before
treatment
with metformin
is initiated
. No
effect
of metformin on growth and puberty has
been detected
during controlled clinical studies of one-year duration
but
no long-term data on these specific points are available.
Therefore
, a careful follow-up of the
effect
of metformin on these parameters in metformin-treated
children
,
especially
prepubescent
children
,
is recommended
.

Children aged between 10 and 12 years: Particular caution is
recommended
when prescribing to
children
aged between 10 and 12 years.

Renal
function
: As metformin
is excreted
by the kidney, creatinine clearance (this can
be estimated
from serum creatinine
levels
by using the
Cockcroft-Gault
formula) should
be determined
before
initiating
treatment
and
regularly
thereafter:

At least
annually
in
patients
with normal renal function,

At least two to four times a year in
patients
with creatinine clearance at the lower limit of normal and in elderly subjects.

Decreased renal
function
in elderly subjects is frequent and asymptomatic. Special caution should
be exercised
in situations where renal
function
may become impaired,
for example
when initiating
antihypertensive
therapy
or diuretic
therapy
and when starting
therapy
with a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). GFR should
be assessed
before
treatment
initiation and
regularly
thereafter. Metformin is
contraindicate
in
patients
with GFR<30 ml/min and should be
temporarily
discontinued in the presence of conditions that alter renal function.

Overdose Effects

Hypoglycemia has not been
seen
with Metformin
doses
up to 85 gm, although lactic
acidosis
has occurred in such circumstances. Lactic
acidosis
is a medical emergency and
must
be treated
in hospital. The most effective method to remove lactate and Metformin is hemodialysis.

Therapeutic
Class


Biguanides


Storage Conditions

Keep
below
30°C
temperature, protected from light & moisture.
Keep
out of the reach of
children. ©
Medex


About Us

Privacy Policy

Disclaimer

Terms of
Use


Mobile App

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IELTS speaking I am from Bangladesh. It is most prestigious country of world. There are plathora of problems in our country.

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