Government financial aid based on merit turns education from a right available to all students into a privilege primarily for the wealthy.
"[T]he increased use of merit aid is associated with a decrease in enrollment of low-income and minority students." This quote from a study done by Amanda L. Griffith, a professor of economics at Wake Forest University, was cited in a statement calling for an end to merit based financial aid which was issued by a group of private college presidents (Gardner). Making financial aid entirely dependent upon merit makes college education even more class and race entitled (and biased) than it is already. As Catherine Rampell wrote, “Merit metrics like SAT scores tend to closely correlate with family income; about 1 in 5 students from households with income over $250,000 receives merit aid from his or her school. For families making less than $30,000, it’s 1 in 10” (Rampell). Basing financial aid for students on "merit" serves to lock low-income people into poverty; regardless of whether it was intended or not, merit-based financing also has racial and gender bias. 
Also, the very term merit based is misleading. As Chelsea Jones put it, “There is a
misnomer in a term commonly used in higher education: merit aid. The use of 'merit’ implies 
Conti 2 
 excellence or worthy of praise, but unfortunately, in this context, merit is often synonymous with privilege.”  The truth is, many low income students who cannot obtain merit-based scholarships are just as smart as their higher income counterparts who can get the merit-based financial aid but they happen to be unable to take part in the various extracurricular activities that play a big role in determining whether they are a star candidate for a merit-based scholarship or not. A low-income student not only might not have the ability to attend extracurricular activities depending on where her or his school is located, they might also have to work part-time just to make ends meet even if their school had those opportunities (Jones). Also, are students with disabilities that make it difficult or impossible to participate in extracurricular activities, going to be less able to secure merit based financial aid? Lastly, single mothers who have one child or more to take care of, in addition to class and possibly work as well, would be unfairly impacted by a decision to make government financial aid for student's merit based. This would, and already does, make it gender biased. That, in combination with the fact that women who are equally qualified still tend to get paid less than men for the same jobs, makes this sexist.
While the amount of money that is dedicated to merit based financial aid increases, the amount of money available for need based financial aid proportionately decreases. Likewise, while the amount of merit based financial aid increases, the number of students who receive need-based aid decreases - IE Pell Grant. The result is fewer black students on the campus: 
Griffith, an assistant professor of economics at Wake Forest University, found that “the use of merit aid is associated with changes in the socioeconomic and racial composition of the study body.” According to the report, within three to five years of introducing a merit aid program, the two top tiers of private colleges saw their share of Pell Grant
Conti 3
recipients fall by 6 percentage points. At bottom-tier schools, the proportion of Pell Grant recipients initially rose but ultimately dropped by 2 percentage points within 10 years of the creation of such a program. The study also found that the introduction of a merit aid program led to a reduction in the representation of black students at top-tier schools (qtd. in Burd 5). 
Another problem with merit based financial aid is that colleges and universities are dedicating a lot of resources to attracting “desirable” students who are high scoring and have high achievements. This is all to enhance the university's prestige. But what of everyone else? What of those who have disabilities or those who must help take care of siblings or other relatives with disabilities? What of the students who have to work part time or even full time to get by and are not able to spend as much time on their class work as they would like, or as their class work really requires, having lower grades as a result? What of the LGBTQ students of color? David Johns, executive director of the National Black Justice Coalition, (a civil rights organization focused on the empowerment of LGBTQ people) and former executive director of the White House Initiative on Educational Excellence for African Americans, summarized it by saying: 
The ability for postsecondary institutions to provide credentials, certificates and degrees that are required for certain types of jobs are further stratified or further marginalizing individuals who are from communities that are most under supported or least likely to 
have access to the high-quality schools…without need-based financial aid (qtd. in
Conti 4 
 Elfman). 
Making student aid merit based only for them would effectively shut them out. 
Statistically speaking, there is plenty of evidence showing that white students are much 
more likely to receive merit based financial aid than students of color (Racial Breakdown of Financial Aid). At the same time, black and Chicana people earn less than white people do (Kochhar and Cilluffo). Taken together, making financial aid merit based only serves to further entrap people of color in a vicious cycle of poverty and inequality. It is white supremacist regardless of whether that is the intent of those who trying to implement it. In a country that disproportionately incarcerates people of color, people who get out of prison and want to try to restart their lives by getting a college degree will find it much more difficult to do so in Georgia which has absolutely no need based financial aid. All financial aid there is merit based (Total Grant Aid Awarded).
In conclusion, making government financial aid for students based solely on merit has already been shown to be an unmitigated disaster for the low income, disabled, working mothers and people of color. It amounts to educational apartheid and as already stated, it means that government student aid pretty much becomes available only to those who least need it. To 
paraphrase Catherine Rampell, who is quoting Mark Kantrowitz, the publisher at Edvisors.com,
for low income students, the six year graduation rate is 45 percent when grants cover one quarter
Conti 5
 of the college costs but it goes up to 68 percent when grants cover three fourths of the college cost; Looking at the statistics for high income students though, the graduation rates are about 78 percent either way. Merit based financing has also been shown to cause lower college attendance for non-white students. Education should be viewed as a right and not a privilege, thereforetherefore not only must we no longer consider merit-based student financial aid programs, we must go further, enact federal laws which prohibit states from using merit based financial student aid programs and force the states that are using merit based financial aid to immediately discontinue that practice and return the use of need based financial aid.
Works Cited
“A Racial Breakdown of Financial Aid”, The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, 23 October, 2011, Accessed 29 January, 2020 www.jbhe.com/2011/10/a-racial-breakdown-of-financial-aid/
Burd, Stephen “Undermining Pell, How Colleges Compete for Wealthy Students and Leave the Low-Income Behind.” May, 2013, Accessed 29 January, 2020
s3.amazonaws.com/new-america-composer/attachments_archive/Merit_Aid%20Final.pdf 
Bloomberg Opinion “Give Money to College Students Who Need It.” 28 February, 2018, Accessed 29 January, 2020
www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2018-02-28/merit-scholarships-don-t-help-college-students-who-need-it-most
Elfman, Lois “Report: Diminishing Financial Aid for Low-Income Students.” Diverse: Issues In Higher Education, 16 February, 2020, Accessed 8 March, 2020 --DELETED LINK-- 
Gardner, Lee “Private-College Presidents Urge a Commitment to Need-Based Aid.” Chronicle of Higher Education, 00095982, 18 January, 2013, Vol. 59, Issue 19, Accessed 27 February, 2020
Database: Academic Search Complete --DELETED LINK-- 
Jones, Chelsey “The Problem With Merit Aid.” 11 December, 2014, edtrust.org/the-equity-line/the-problem-with-merit-aid/ Accessed 29 January, 2020.
Kochhar, Rakesh and Cilluffo, Anthony “Key findings on the rise in income inequality within America’s racial and ethnic groups.” FACT TANK, 12 July, 2018 www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/07/12/key-findings-on-the-rise-in-income-inequality-within-americas-racial-and-ethnic-groups/ Accessed 30 January, 2020
Rampell, Catherine. “Freebies for the Rich.” New York Times Magazine, 24 September, 2013, www.nytimes.com/2013/09/29/magazine/freebies-for-the-rich.html, 29 Accessed February, 2020
Lederman, Doug. “State’s Slow Steady Embrace of Need-Based Aid Total Grant Aid.” Inside Higher ED, 5 November, 2018, 30 Accessed January, 2020 www.insidehighered.com/sites/default/server_files/media/nassgap%20table.jpg?width=500&height=500
 Government
  financial
  aid
 based on  
merit
 turns  
education
 from a right available to all  
students
 into a privilege  
primarily
 for the wealthy.
 
"
[T]he increased  
use
 of  
merit
  aid
  is associated
 with a decrease in enrollment of low-income and minority students. 
"
 This quote from a study done by Amanda L. Griffith, a professor of economics at Wake Forest University,  
was cited
 in a statement calling for an  
end
 to  
merit
 based  
financial
  aid
 which  
was issued
 by a group of private college presidents (Gardner). Making  
financial
  aid
  entirely
 dependent upon  
merit
  makes
 college  
education
 even more  
class
 and race entitled (and biased) than it is  
already
. As Catherine  
Rampell
 wrote,  
“Merit
 metrics like SAT scores tend to  
closely
 correlate with family  
income
; about 1 in 5  
students
 from households with  
income
 over $250,000 receives  
merit
  aid
 from  
his or her
  school
. For families making  
less
 than $30,000, it’s 1 in 10” ( 
Rampell
). Basing  
financial
  aid
 for  
students
 on  
"
merit 
"
 serves to lock low-income  
people
 into poverty; regardless of whether it  
was intended
 or not, merit-based financing  
also
 has  
racial
 and gender bias. 
 
Also
, the  
very
 term  
merit
 based is misleading. As Chelsea Jones put it, “There is a
misnomer in a term  
commonly
  used
 in higher  
education
:  
merit
  aid
. The  
use
 of 'merit’ implies 
 
Conti
 2 
 excellence or worthy of praise,  
but
 unfortunately, in this context,  
merit
 is  
often
 synonymous with privilege.”  The truth is,  
many
 low  
income
  students
  who
 cannot obtain merit-based scholarships are  
just
 as smart as their higher  
income
 counterparts  
who
 can  
get
 the merit-based  
financial
  aid
  but
 they happen to be unable to  
take part
 in the various extracurricular activities that play a  
big
 role in determining whether they are a star candidate for a merit-based scholarship or not. A low-income  
student
 not  
only
 might not have the ability to attend extracurricular activities depending on where her or his  
school
  is located
, they might  
also
  have to
  work
 part-time  
just
 to  
make
 ends  
meet
 even if their  
school
 had those opportunities (Jones).  
Also
, are  
students
 with disabilities that  
make
 it difficult or impossible to participate in extracurricular activities, going to be  
less
 able to secure  
merit
 based  
financial
  aid
?  
Lastly
, single mothers  
who
 have one child or more to take care of,  
in addition
 to  
class
 and  
possibly
  work
  as well
, would be  
unfairly
 impacted by a decision to  
make
  government
  financial
  aid
 for student's  
merit
 based. This would, and  
already
 does,  
make
 it gender biased. That, in combination with the fact that women  
who
 are  
equally
 qualified  
still
 tend to  
get
 paid  
less
 than  
men
 for the same jobs,  
makes
 this sexist.
While the  
amount
 of money that  
is dedicated
 to  
merit
 based  
financial
  aid
 increases, the  
amount
 of money available for  
need
 based  
financial
  aid
  proportionately
 decreases.  
Likewise
, while the  
amount
 of  
merit
 based  
financial
  aid
 increases, the number of  
students
  who
 receive need-based  
aid
 decreases  
-
  IE Pell
  Grant
. The result is fewer black  
students
 on the campus: 
Griffith, an assistant professor of economics at Wake Forest University, found that “the  
use
 of  
merit
  aid
  is associated
 with  
changes
 in the socioeconomic and  
racial
 composition of the study body.” According to the report, within three to five years of introducing a  
merit
  aid
  program
, the two top tiers of private colleges  
saw
 their share of  
Pell
 Grant
 
Conti
 3
recipients fall by 6 percentage points. At bottom-tier  
schools
, the proportion of  
Pell
  Grant
 recipients  
initially
 rose  
but
  ultimately
 dropped by 2 percentage points within 10 years of the creation of such a  
program
. The study  
also
 found that the introduction of a  
merit
  aid
  program
 led to a reduction in the representation of black  
students
 at top-tier  
schools
 ( 
qtd
. in  
Burd
 5). 
Another problem with  
merit
 based  
financial
  aid
 is that colleges and universities are dedicating  
a lot of
 resources to attracting “desirable”  
students
  who
 are high scoring and have high achievements. This is all to enhance the university's prestige.  
But
 what of everyone else? What of those  
who
 have disabilities or those  
who
  must
  help
 take care of siblings or other relatives with disabilities? What of the  
students
  who
  have to
  work
 part  
time
 or even full  
time
 to  
get
 by and are not able to spend as  
much
  time
 on their  
class
  work
 as they would like, or as their  
class
  work
  really
 requires, having lower grades  
as a result
?  
What
 of the LGBTQ  
students
 of  
color
? David Johns, executive director of the National Black Justice Coalition, (a civil rights organization focused on the empowerment of LGBTQ  
people)
 and former executive director of the  
White
  House
 Initiative on Educational Excellence for African Americans, summarized it by saying: 
The ability for  
postsecondary
 institutions to provide credentials, certificates and degrees that  
are required
 for certain types of jobs are  
further
 stratified or  
further
 marginalizing individuals  
who
 are from communities that are most under supported or least likely to 
have access to the high-quality schools…without need-based  
financial
  aid
 ( 
qtd
. in
 
Conti
 4 
  
Elfman
). 
Making  
student
  aid
  merit
 based  
only
 for them would  
effectively
 shut them out. 
 
Statistically
 speaking, there is  
plenty
 of evidence showing that  
white
  students
 are  
much
 
more likely to receive  
merit
 based  
financial
  aid
 than  
students
 of  
color
  (Racial
 Breakdown of  
Financial
  Aid)
. At the same  
time
, black and Chicana  
people
 earn  
less
 than  
white
  people
 do ( 
Kochhar
 and  
Cilluffo
). Taken together, making  
financial
  aid
  merit
 based  
only
 serves to  
further
 entrap  
people
 of  
color
 in a vicious cycle of poverty and inequality. It is  
white
 supremacist regardless of whether  
that is
 the intent of those  
who
 trying to implement it. In a country that  
disproportionately
 incarcerates  
people
 of  
color
,  
people
  who
  get
 out of prison and want to try to restart their  
lives
 by getting a college degree will find it  
much
 more difficult to do  
so
 in Georgia which has  
absolutely
 no  
need
 based  
financial
  aid
. All  
financial
  aid
 there is  
merit
 based (Total  
Grant
  Aid
 Awarded).
 
In conclusion
, making  
government
  financial
  aid
 for  
students
 based  
solely
 on  
merit
 has  
already
  been shown
 to be an unmitigated disaster for the low  
income
, disabled, working mothers and  
people
 of  
color
. It  
amounts
 to educational apartheid and as  
already
 stated, it means that  
government
  student
  aid
 pretty  
much
 becomes available  
only
 to those  
who
  least
  need
 it. To 
paraphrase Catherine  
Rampell
,  
who
 is quoting Mark  
Kantrowitz
, the publisher at Edvisors.com,
for low  
income
  students
, the  
six year
 graduation rate is 45 percent when  
grants
 cover one quarter
 
Conti
 5
 of the college costs  
but
 it goes up to 68 percent when  
grants
 cover three fourths of the college cost; Looking at the statistics for high  
income
  students
 though, the graduation rates are about 78 percent either way.  
Merit
 based financing has  
also
  been shown
 to cause lower college attendance for non-white  
students
.  
Education
 should  
be viewed
 as a right and not a privilege,  
thereforetherefore
 not  
only
  must
 we no longer consider merit-based  
student
  financial
  aid
  programs
, we  
must
 go  
further
, enact federal laws which prohibit states from using  
merit
 based  
financial
  student
  aid
  programs
 and force the states that are using  
merit
 based  
financial
  aid
 to immediately discontinue that practice and return the  
use
 of  
need
 based  
financial
 aid.
Works Cited
“A  
Racial
 Breakdown of  
Financial
  Aid”
, The Journal of Blacks in Higher  
Education
, 23  
October, 2011
,  
Accessed
 29  
January, 2020
 www.jbhe.com/2011/10/a-racial-breakdown-of-financial-aid/
 
Burd
, Stephen “Undermining  
Pell
, How Colleges Compete for Wealthy  
Students
 and  
Leave
 the Low-Income Behind.”  
May, 2013
,  
Accessed
 29  
January, 2020
s3.amazonaws.com/new-america-composer/attachments_archive/Merit_Aid%20Final.pdf 
Bloomberg Opinion “Give Money to College  
Students
  Who
  Need
 It.” 28  
February, 2018
,  
Accessed
 29  
January, 2020
www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2018-02-28/merit-scholarships-don-t- 
help
-college-students-who-need-it-most
 
Elfman
, Lois “Report: Diminishing  
Financial
  Aid
 for Low-Income  
Students.”
 Diverse: Issues In Higher  
Education
, 16  
February, 2020
,  
Accessed
 8  
March, 2020
 --DELETED LINK-- 
Gardner, Lee “Private-College Presidents Urge a Commitment to Need-Based  
Aid.”
 Chronicle of Higher  
Education
, 00095982, 18  
January, 2013
, Vol. 59, Issue 19,  
Accessed
 27  
February, 2020
Database: Academic Search Complete --DELETED LINK-- 
Jones,  
Chelsey
 “The Problem With  
Merit
  Aid.”
 11  
December, 2014
, edtrust.org/the-equity-line/the-problem-with-merit-aid/  
Accessed
 29  
January, 2020
.
 
Kochhar
, Rakesh and  
Cilluffo
, Anthony “Key findings on the rise in  
income
 inequality within America’s  
racial
 and ethnic groups.” FACT TANK, 12  
July, 2018
 www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/07/12/key-findings-on-the-rise-in-income-inequality-within-americas-racial-and-ethnic-groups/  
Accessed
 30  
January, 2020
 Rampell
, Catherine. “Freebies for the Rich.” New York  
Times
 Magazine, 24  
September, 2013
, www.nytimes.com/2013/09/29/magazine/freebies-for-the-rich.html, 29  
Accessed
  February, 2020
 Lederman
, Doug. “State’s Slow Steady Embrace of Need-Based  
Aid
 Total  
Grant
  Aid.”
 Inside Higher ED, 5  
November, 2018
, 30  
Accessed
  January, 2020
  www.insidehighered.com/sites/default/server_files/media/nassgap%20table.jpg?width=500&height=500