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Government financial aid for students should be based solely on merit.

Government financial aid for students should be based solely on merit. YLwDr

Government financial aid based on merit turns education from a right available to all students into a privilege primarily for the wealthy. "[T]he increased use of merit aid is associated with a decrease in enrollment of low-income and minority students." This quote from a study done by Amanda L. Griffith, a professor of economics at Wake Forest University, was cited in a statement calling for an end to merit based financial aid which was issued by a group of private college presidents (Gardner). Making financial aid entirely dependent upon merit makes college education even more class and race entitled (and biased) than it is already. As Catherine Rampell wrote, “Merit metrics like SAT scores tend to closely correlate with family income; about 1 in 5 students from households with income over $250,000 receives merit aid from his or her school. For families making less than $30,000, it’s 1 in 10” (Rampell). Basing financial aid for students on "merit" serves to lock low-income people into poverty; regardless of whether it was intended or not, merit-based financing also has racial and gender bias. Also, the very term merit based is misleading. As Chelsea Jones put it, “There is a misnomer in a term commonly used in higher education: merit aid. The use of 'merit’ implies Conti 2 excellence or worthy of praise, but unfortunately, in this context, merit is often synonymous with privilege.” The truth is, many low income students who cannot obtain merit-based scholarships are just as smart as their higher income counterparts who can get the merit-based financial aid but they happen to be unable to take part in the various extracurricular activities that play a big role in determining whether they are a star candidate for a merit-based scholarship or not. A low-income student not only might not have the ability to attend extracurricular activities depending on where her or his school is located, they might also have to work part-time just to make ends meet even if their school had those opportunities (Jones). Also, are students with disabilities that make it difficult or impossible to participate in extracurricular activities, going to be less able to secure merit based financial aid? Lastly, single mothers who have one child or more to take care of, in addition to class and possibly work as well, would be unfairly impacted by a decision to make government financial aid for student's merit based. This would, and already does, make it gender biased. That, in combination with the fact that women who are equally qualified still tend to get paid less than men for the same jobs, makes this sexist. While the amount of money that is dedicated to merit based financial aid increases, the amount of money available for need based financial aid proportionately decreases. Likewise, while the amount of merit based financial aid increases, the number of students who receive need-based aid decreases - IE Pell Grant. The result is fewer black students on the campus: Griffith, an assistant professor of economics at Wake Forest University, found that “the use of merit aid is associated with changes in the socioeconomic and racial composition of the study body.” According to the report, within three to five years of introducing a merit aid program, the two top tiers of private colleges saw their share of Pell Grant Conti 3 recipients fall by 6 percentage points. At bottom-tier schools, the proportion of Pell Grant recipients initially rose but ultimately dropped by 2 percentage points within 10 years of the creation of such a program. The study also found that the introduction of a merit aid program led to a reduction in the representation of black students at top-tier schools (qtd. in Burd 5). Another problem with merit based financial aid is that colleges and universities are dedicating a lot of resources to attracting “desirable” students who are high scoring and have high achievements. This is all to enhance the university's prestige. But what of everyone else? What of those who have disabilities or those who must help take care of siblings or other relatives with disabilities? What of the students who have to work part time or even full time to get by and are not able to spend as much time on their class work as they would like, or as their class work really requires, having lower grades as a result? What of the LGBTQ students of color? David Johns, executive director of the National Black Justice Coalition, (a civil rights organization focused on the empowerment of LGBTQ people) and former executive director of the White House Initiative on Educational Excellence for African Americans, summarized it by saying: The ability for postsecondary institutions to provide credentials, certificates and degrees that are required for certain types of jobs are further stratified or further marginalizing individuals who are from communities that are most under supported or least likely to have access to the high-quality schools…without need-based financial aid (qtd. in Conti 4 Elfman). Making student aid merit based only for them would effectively shut them out. Statistically speaking, there is plenty of evidence showing that white students are much more likely to receive merit based financial aid than students of color (Racial Breakdown of Financial Aid). At the same time, black and Chicana people earn less than white people do (Kochhar and Cilluffo). Taken together, making financial aid merit based only serves to further entrap people of color in a vicious cycle of poverty and inequality. It is white supremacist regardless of whether that is the intent of those who trying to implement it. In a country that disproportionately incarcerates people of color, people who get out of prison and want to try to restart their lives by getting a college degree will find it much more difficult to do so in Georgia which has absolutely no need based financial aid. All financial aid there is merit based (Total Grant Aid Awarded). In conclusion, making government financial aid for students based solely on merit has already been shown to be an unmitigated disaster for the low income, disabled, working mothers and people of color. It amounts to educational apartheid and as already stated, it means that government student aid pretty much becomes available only to those who least need it. To paraphrase Catherine Rampell, who is quoting Mark Kantrowitz, the publisher at Edvisors.com, for low income students, the six year graduation rate is 45 percent when grants cover one quarter Conti 5 of the college costs but it goes up to 68 percent when grants cover three fourths of the college cost; Looking at the statistics for high income students though, the graduation rates are about 78 percent either way. Merit based financing has also been shown to cause lower college attendance for non-white students. Education should be viewed as a right and not a privilege, thereforetherefore not only must we no longer consider merit-based student financial aid programs, we must go further, enact federal laws which prohibit states from using merit based financial student aid programs and force the states that are using merit based financial aid to immediately discontinue that practice and return the use of need based financial aid. Works Cited “A Racial Breakdown of Financial Aid”, The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, 23 October, 2011, Accessed 29 January, 2020 www.jbhe.com/2011/10/a-racial-breakdown-of-financial-aid/ Burd, Stephen “Undermining Pell, How Colleges Compete for Wealthy Students and Leave the Low-Income Behind.” May, 2013, Accessed 29 January, 2020 s3.amazonaws.com/new-america-composer/attachments_archive/Merit_Aid%20Final.pdf Bloomberg Opinion “Give Money to College Students Who Need It.” 28 February, 2018, Accessed 29 January, 2020 www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2018-02-28/merit-scholarships-don-t-help-college-students-who-need-it-most Elfman, Lois “Report: Diminishing Financial Aid for Low-Income Students.” Diverse: Issues In Higher Education, 16 February, 2020, Accessed 8 March, 2020 --DELETED LINK-- Gardner, Lee “Private-College Presidents Urge a Commitment to Need-Based Aid.” Chronicle of Higher Education, 00095982, 18 January, 2013, Vol. 59, Issue 19, Accessed 27 February, 2020 Database: Academic Search Complete --DELETED LINK-- Jones, Chelsey “The Problem With Merit Aid.” 11 December, 2014, edtrust.org/the-equity-line/the-problem-with-merit-aid/ Accessed 29 January, 2020. Kochhar, Rakesh and Cilluffo, Anthony “Key findings on the rise in income inequality within America’s racial and ethnic groups.” FACT TANK, 12 July, 2018 www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/07/12/key-findings-on-the-rise-in-income-inequality-within-americas-racial-and-ethnic-groups/ Accessed 30 January, 2020 Rampell, Catherine. “Freebies for the Rich.” New York Times Magazine, 24 September, 2013, www.nytimes.com/2013/09/29/magazine/freebies-for-the-rich.html, 29 Accessed February, 2020 Lederman, Doug. “State’s Slow Steady Embrace of Need-Based Aid Total Grant Aid.” Inside Higher ED, 5 November, 2018, 30 Accessed January, 2020 www.insidehighered.com/sites/default/server_files/media/nassgap%20table.jpg?width=500&height=500

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least
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paraphrase Catherine Possible spelling mistake found.Ramp ell
Rampell
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who
 is quoting Mark Possible spelling mistake found.
Kantrowitz
, the publisher at Edvisors.com,


for low You use this word too often, consider replacing it withsalarywagerevenueprofitpaycash
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, the When a number forms part of an adjectival compound, use a hyphen: "six-year"six-year
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Works Cited


“A You use this word too often, consider replacing it withgeneticnationaltribal
Racial
 Breakdown of You use this word too often, consider replacing it withfiscaleconomiccommercialmonetary
Financial
You use this word too often, consider replacing it withgiftserviceassistancebenefitsubsidycompensation
Aid”
, The Journal of Blacks in Higher You use this word too often, consider replacing it withdisciplineinformationtrainingsciencestudyschooling
Education
, 23 When specifying a month and year, the comma is unnecessary: "October 2011".October 2011
October, 2011
, You use this word too often, consider replacing it withpenetratepervadepermeate
Accessed
 29 When specifying a month and year, the comma is unnecessary: "January 2020".January 2020
January, 2020
 www.jbhe.com/2011/10/a-racial-breakdown-of-financial-aid/




Possible spelling mistake found.BirdBurnBudByrdBuryBurr
Burd
, Stephen “Undermining Possible spelling mistake found.WellFellCellSellTellPoll
Pell
, How Colleges Compete for Wealthy You use this word too often, consider replacing it withundergraduatescholarpupiljuniorgraduate
Students
 and This phrase/word (depending on the context) can be potentially replaced with :depart
Leave
 the Low-Income Behind.” When specifying a month and year, the comma is unnecessary: "May 2013".May 2013
May, 2013
, You use this word too often, consider replacing it withpenetratepervadepermeate
Accessed
 29 When specifying a month and year, the comma is unnecessary: "January 2020".January 2020
January, 2020


s3.amazonaws.com/new-america-composer/attachments_archive/Merit_Aid%20Final.pdf 




Bloomberg Opinion “Give Money to College You use this word too often, consider replacing it withundergraduatescholarpupiljuniorgraduate
Students
You use this word too often, consider replacing it withwhich
Who
You use this word too often, consider replacing it withuserightwishcommitmentdemandobligation
Need
 It.” 28 When specifying a month and year, the comma is unnecessary: "February 2018".February 2018
February, 2018
, You use this word too often, consider replacing it withpenetratepervadepermeate
Accessed
 29 When specifying a month and year, the comma is unnecessary: "January 2020".January 2020
January, 2020


www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2018-02-28/merit-scholarships-don-t-This phrase/word (depending on the context) can be potentially replaced with :assistassistance
help
-college-students-who-need-it-most




Possible spelling mistake found.Elf man
Elfman
, Lois “Report: Diminishing You use this word too often, consider replacing it withfiscaleconomiccommercialmonetary
Financial
You use this word too often, consider replacing it withgiftserviceassistancebenefitsubsidycompensation
Aid
 for Low-Income You use this word too often, consider replacing it withundergraduatescholarpupiljuniorgraduate
Students.”
 Diverse: Issues In Higher You use this word too often, consider replacing it withdisciplineinformationtrainingsciencestudyschooling
Education
, 16 When specifying a month and year, the comma is unnecessary: "February 2020".February 2020
February, 2020
, You use this word too often, consider replacing it withpenetratepervadepermeate
Accessed
 8 When specifying a month and year, the comma is unnecessary: "March 2020".March 2020
March, 2020
 --DELETED LINK-- 




Gardner, Lee “Private-College Presidents Urge a Commitment to Need-Based You use this word too often, consider replacing it withgiftserviceassistancebenefitsubsidycompensation
Aid.”
 Chronicle of Higher You use this word too often, consider replacing it withdisciplineinformationtrainingsciencestudyschooling
Education
, 00095982, 18 When specifying a month and year, the comma is unnecessary: "January 2013".January 2013
January, 2013
, Vol. 59, Issue 19, You use this word too often, consider replacing it withpenetratepervadepermeate
Accessed
 27 When specifying a month and year, the comma is unnecessary: "February 2020".February 2020
February, 2020


Database: Academic Search Complete --DELETED LINK-- 




Jones, Possible spelling mistake found.Chelsea
Chelsey
 “The Problem With You use this word too often, consider replacing it withdignitytalentintegrityvaluebenefitexcellence
Merit
You use this word too often, consider replacing it withgiftserviceassistancebenefitsubsidycompensation
Aid.”
 11 When specifying a month and year, the comma is unnecessary: "December 2014".December 2014
December, 2014
, edtrust.org/the-equity-line/the-problem-with-merit-aid/ You use this word too often, consider replacing it withpenetratepervadepermeate
Accessed
 29 When specifying a month and year, the comma is unnecessary: "January 2020".January 2020
January, 2020
.




Possible spelling mistake found.Kochab
Kochhar
, Rakesh and Possible spelling mistake found.
Cilluffo
, Anthony “Key findings on the rise in You use this word too often, consider replacing it withsalarywagerevenueprofitpaycash
income
 inequality within America’s You use this word too often, consider replacing it withgeneticnationaltribal
racial
 and ethnic groups.” FACT TANK, 12 When specifying a month and year, the comma is unnecessary: "July 2018".July 2018
July, 2018
 www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/07/12/key-findings-on-the-rise-in-income-inequality-within-americas-racial-and-ethnic-groups/ You use this word too often, consider replacing it withpenetratepervadepermeate
Accessed
 30 When specifying a month and year, the comma is unnecessary: "January 2020".January 2020
January, 2020




Possible spelling mistake found.Ramp ell
Rampell
, Catherine. “Freebies for the Rich.” New York You use this word too often, consider replacing it withpointgenerationpastsecondturnspace
Times
 Magazine, 24 When specifying a month and year, the comma is unnecessary: "September 2013".September 2013
September, 2013
, www.nytimes.com/2013/09/29/magazine/freebies-for-the-rich.html, 29 You use this word too often, consider replacing it withpenetratepervadepermeate
Accessed
When specifying a month and year, the comma is unnecessary: "February 2020".February 2020
February, 2020




Possible spelling mistake found.AldermanLettermanLiebermanEdelman
Lederman
, Doug. “State’s Slow Steady Embrace of Need-Based You use this word too often, consider replacing it withgiftserviceassistancebenefitsubsidycompensation
Aid
 Total You use this word too often, consider replacing it withallocationhandoutassistanceallotmentawardsubsidy
Grant
You use this word too often, consider replacing it withgiftserviceassistancebenefitsubsidycompensation
Aid.”
 Inside Higher ED, 5 When specifying a month and year, the comma is unnecessary: "November 2018".November 2018
November, 2018
, 30 You use this word too often, consider replacing it withpenetratepervadepermeate
Accessed
When specifying a month and year, the comma is unnecessary: "January 2020".January 2020
January, 2020
Please add a punctuation mark at the end of paragraphwww.insidehighered.com/sites/default/server_files/media/nassgap%20table.jpg?width=500&height=500.www.insidehighered.com/sites/default/server_files/media/nassgap%20table.jpg?width=500&height=500!www.insidehighered.com/sites/default/server_files/media/nassgap%20table.jpg?width=500&height=500?www.insidehighered.com/sites/default/server_files/media/nassgap%20table.jpg?width=500&height=500:www.insidehighered.com/sites/default/server_files/media/nassgap%20table.jpg?width=500&height=500,www.insidehighered.com/sites/default/server_files/media/nassgap%20table.jpg?width=500&height=500;
www.insidehighered.com/sites/default/server_files/media/nassgap%20table.jpg?width=500&height=500