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Export-import operations form the basis for integrating global supply chains since any crossing of state borders by logistic flows is buying and selling between buyers and sellers, supported by intermediaries in different countries.

Export-import operations form the basis for integrating global supply chains since any crossing of state borders by logistic flows is buying and selling between buyers and sellers, supported by intermediaries in different countries. Lb5kK

Let us consider the essence of export-import operations.  Import operations are a type of operations in foreign economic activity, when goods, finished products are moved to the customs territory of the state or services are provided from foreign suppliers.  Export operations are a type of operations in foreign economic activity, when goods, finished products are moved outside the customs territory of the state or services are rendered to a foreign customer. Thus, export-import operations are operations for the movement of goods, raw materials, finished products on the world market due to their sale to foreign buyers. All export-import transactions accompany settlements between counterparties, which creates a system of international settlements. It should be noted that the movement of funds between countries serves two crucial functions: - firstly, it contributes to the growth of economic benefits for both sides of the exchange. It is a profitable investment of money for exporting countries, while it is an additional income for importing countries. - secondly, it develops social infrastructure: increases demand in the labour market, provides the population with vital imported goods (for example, medicines). In international practice, export and import operations occur only commercially, namely, upon signing a foreign economic contract. Export-import operations are considered to be completed only after the goods have crossed the customs border of a foreign counterparty. This fact can only happen under the condition of certain formalities (customs control and customs clearance). Export-import operations take place in several sequential stages: 1) study of the external market for the sale of finished products and its conjuncture; 2) the formation of export resources in the foreign market; 3) search and analysis of a foreign counterparty; 4) the conclusion of a foreign trade contract; 5) fulfilment of all conditions of the contract. The main document that is drawn up when carrying out export-import operations is the purchase and sale contract. The contract specifies the terms for the delivery of goods, the responsibility of the parties. Until 1995 - the legal emergence of the WTO - international trade relations were regulated based on bilateral and multilateral treaties and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, which entered into force in 1947, when the World Trade Organization was established in Marrakech, an umbrella agreement and four additions to it, which determine the trade relations of the WTO member countries. Appendix 1 - multilateral trade agreements, contains three fundamental agreements 1A, 1B, 1C: Appendix 1A - General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade - General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT); Appendix 1B - General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS); Supplement 1C - Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). The main element of the contract is the preamble, the subject of the contract, the price of the cargo, the quantity and quality of the delivered cargo, possible force majeure circumstances, the terms of delivery under the international rules of INCOTERMS, penalties for non-compliance with the terms of the contract, arbitration sanctions and legal data of contractors. The main costs in foreign trade operations include: - logistics costs; - insurance costs; - customs expenses; - intermediary costs. All commercial transactions in export-import operations are divided into three main types: 1) a transaction for the sale and purchase of goods (products); 2) transaction of purchase and sale of services; 3) a transaction for the acquisition of intellectual property. The main document on which the accounting of export-import transactions is based is "On Currency Regulation and Currency Control". Documentation of import-export transactions consists of more documents than registration of transactions with domestic buyers or suppliers. So, for each foreign economic operation, you need at least: - foreign economic agreement. Such an agreement is drawn up by both parties to the transaction and is sealed with the seals and signatures of authorized persons; - documents for the goods being sold (invoice); - transaction passport, which the bank of the exporting enterprise forms; - various technical documentation accompanying the exported and imported goods; - transport documents for escorting goods; - invoices for payment; etc. It should be noted that most of the documents addressed to or received from a foreign trade partner are initially created in 2 languages, and documents issued only in a foreign language must be accompanied by a translation of the text that will be required for the Inspectorate of the Federal Tax Service during verification. Also, it should be noted that the number of copies of documents required to be submitted during inspections by tax and customs authorities is increasing. Let us discuss with an example. Let us start with the concept of "export", which comes from lat. exporto, which means "to take out of the port. " A seller exporting goods abroad is usually called an exporter, while a buyer of such goods and services is usually an importer. Export operations can be direct, indirect and joint. A direct export is the sale of a product directly to a foreign buyer. An indirect export is the export of products with the involvement of intermediaries (distribution companies, special agents, etc. ). Joint export is when, to effectively sell their goods in international markets, two or more manufacturers cooperate and jointly build a marketing and sales strategy. The first thing that needs to be done is to draw up an algorithm for clear sequential actions to develop an expert strategy. The export plan will allow avoiding the risks inherent in foreign trade companies. As a basis, we can take the following approximate list of activities: Sales markets analysis. When choosing a market, it is necessary to take into account marketing data and the nuances of the legislation of the importing countries. Particular attention should be paid to restrictions on the import of goods and the peculiarities of taxation, the presence of own production facilities for similar goods in the importing country, cultural and ethnic differences. Search for buyers. The choice of a trading strategy will depend on the characteristics of the exported products, the goals and objectives set, the desired profit and several other factors. Sales of products can be carried out through wholesale distribution channels or through opening a representative office and the organization of a dealer network. Project logistics design. Even at the planning stage, you need to decide on the type of transport, choose the most profitable methods of delivery of goods. In addition, it is necessary to study in detail the features of border crossing and customs requirements of the importing country. Organization of settlements under the contract. Most foreign economic transactions above five thousand dollars are subject to mandatory registration. The conditions of the procedure can be found directly in the servicing bank. As a result of the international division of labour, the material basis of exports is revenue, which serves as a source of funds to pay for imports. Thus, as mentioned above, based on the provisions of the three fundamental multilateral trade agreements GATT, GATS and TRIPS, international trade in goods, services and intellectual property among WTO member countries is regulated.

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 the legal emergence of the WTO Consider using an m-dash if you do not want to join two words.—
-
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international
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Search for You use this word too often, consider replacing it withcustomerpatronshopperclientuserconsumer
buyers
. The choice of a trading strategy will depend on the characteristics of the exported You use this word too often, consider replacing it withcommodityprofitbrandworkamountcrop
products
, the goals and objectives set, the desired profit and several other factors. You use this word too often, consider replacing it withpurchasetransactiondealbusinessauctionmarketing
Sales
 of You use this word too often, consider replacing it withcommodityprofitbrandworkamountcrop
products
 can be carried
 out through wholesale distribution channels or through opening a representative office and the organization of a dealer network.

Project logistics design. Even at the planning stage, you need to decide on the You use this word too often, consider replacing it withsortcategorybreedgroupdescriptionform
type
 of transport, choose the most profitable methods of delivery of You use this word too often, consider replacing it withequipmentpropertyfurnishingsfurniture
goods
. In addition
, it is necessary to study in detail the features of border crossing and customs requirements of the You use this word too often, consider replacing it withrevealpoint outexpresspinpointshowsuggest
importing
 country.

Organization of settlements under the You use this word too often, consider replacing it withpactpledgebargaincommitmentarrangementrecord
contract
. Most You use this word too often, consider replacing it withdifferentunfamiliaralienexternaloverseasoffshore
foreign
You use this word too often, consider replacing it withfiscalindustrialcommercialmonetarybudgetary
economic
You use this word too often, consider replacing it withnegotiationpurchasesellingdealbusinessaffair
transactions
 above five thousand dollars are subject to mandatory registration. The conditions of the procedure can be found
directly
 in the servicing bank. As a result
 of the You use this word too often, consider replacing it withuniversalglobalforeign
international
 division of Possible spelling mistake. 'labour' is British English.labor
labour
, the material basis of You use this word too often, consider replacing it withshipdumpsmuggletransport
exports
 is revenue, which serves as a source of funds to pay for imports.

Thus
, as mentioned above, based on the provisions of the three fundamental multilateral You use this word too often, consider replacing it withcommercetransactiondealbusinessexchangeindustry
trade
You use this word too often, consider replacing it withreconciliationaccordcompliancemediationunderstandingcompromise
agreements
 GATT, Possible spelling mistake found.GasGetsGateGatesBatsCats
GATS
 and TRIPS, You use this word too often, consider replacing it withuniversalglobalforeign
international
You use this word too often, consider replacing it withcommercetransactiondealbusinessexchangeindustry
trade
 in You use this word too often, consider replacing it withequipmentpropertyfurnishingsfurniture
goods
, You use this word too often, consider replacing it withdutyuseofficebusinesssupplyassistance
services
 and intellectual property among WTO member You use this word too often, consider replacing it withlandpeopleregioncommunitysocietystate
countries
is regulated
. 