Let us consider the essence of export-import operations.
Import operations are a type of operations in foreign economic activity, when goods, finished products are moved to the customs territory of the state or services are provided from foreign suppliers.
Export operations are a type of operations in foreign economic activity, when goods, finished products are moved outside the customs territory of the state or services are rendered to a foreign customer.
Thus, export-import operations are operations for the movement of goods, raw materials, finished products on the world market due to their sale to foreign buyers. All export-import transactions accompany settlements between counterparties, which creates a system of international settlements. It should be noted that the movement of funds between countries serves two crucial functions:
- firstly, it contributes to the growth of economic benefits for both sides of the exchange. It is a profitable investment of money for exporting countries, while it is an additional income for importing countries.
- secondly, it develops social infrastructure: increases demand in the labour market, provides the population with vital imported goods (for example, medicines). In international practice, export and import operations occur only commercially, namely, upon signing a foreign economic contract.
Export-import operations are considered to be completed only after the goods have crossed the customs border of a foreign counterparty. This fact can only happen under the condition of certain formalities (customs control and customs clearance). Export-import operations take place in several sequential stages:
1) study of the external market for the sale of finished products and its conjuncture;
2) the formation of export resources in the foreign market;
3) search and analysis of a foreign counterparty;
4) the conclusion of a foreign trade contract;
5) fulfilment of all conditions of the contract.
The main document that is drawn up when carrying out export-import operations is the purchase and sale contract. The contract specifies the terms for the delivery of goods, the responsibility of the parties. Until 1995 - the legal emergence of the WTO - international trade relations were regulated based on bilateral and multilateral treaties and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, which entered into force in 1947, when the World Trade Organization was established in Marrakech, an umbrella agreement and four additions to it, which determine the trade relations of the WTO member countries. Appendix 1 - multilateral trade agreements, contains three fundamental agreements 1A, 1B, 1C: Appendix 1A - General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade - General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT); Appendix 1B - General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS); Supplement 1C - Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS).
The main element of the contract is the preamble, the subject of the contract, the price of the cargo, the quantity and quality of the delivered cargo, possible force majeure circumstances, the terms of delivery under the international rules of INCOTERMS, penalties for non-compliance with the terms of the contract, arbitration sanctions and legal data of contractors. The main costs in foreign trade operations include: - logistics costs; - insurance costs; - customs expenses; - intermediary costs. All commercial transactions in export-import operations are divided into three main types:
1) a transaction for the sale and purchase of goods (products);
2) transaction of purchase and sale of services;
3) a transaction for the acquisition of intellectual property. The main document on which the accounting of export-import transactions is based is "On Currency Regulation and Currency Control".
Documentation of import-export transactions consists of more documents than registration of transactions with domestic buyers or suppliers. So, for each foreign economic operation, you need at least: - foreign economic agreement. Such an agreement is drawn up by both parties to the transaction and is sealed with the seals and signatures of authorized persons; - documents for the goods being sold (invoice); - transaction passport, which the bank of the exporting enterprise forms; - various technical documentation accompanying the exported and imported goods; - transport documents for escorting goods; - invoices for payment; etc. It should be noted that most of the documents addressed to or received from a foreign trade partner are initially created in 2 languages, and documents issued only in a foreign language must be accompanied by a translation of the text that will be required for the Inspectorate of the Federal Tax Service during verification. Also, it should be noted that the number of copies of documents required to be submitted during inspections by tax and customs authorities is increasing.
Let us discuss with an example. Let us start with the concept of "export", which comes from lat. exporto, which means "to take out of the port. "
A seller exporting goods abroad is usually called an exporter, while a buyer of such goods and services is usually an importer.
Export operations can be direct, indirect and joint. A direct export is the sale of a product directly to a foreign buyer. An indirect export is the export of products with the involvement of intermediaries (distribution companies, special agents, etc. ). Joint export is when, to effectively sell their goods in international markets, two or more manufacturers cooperate and jointly build a marketing and sales strategy.
The first thing that needs to be done is to draw up an algorithm for clear sequential actions to develop an expert strategy. The export plan will allow avoiding the risks inherent in foreign trade companies.
As a basis, we can take the following approximate list of activities:
Sales markets analysis. When choosing a market, it is necessary to take into account marketing data and the nuances of the legislation of the importing countries. Particular attention should be paid to restrictions on the import of goods and the peculiarities of taxation, the presence of own production facilities for similar goods in the importing country, cultural and ethnic differences.
Search for buyers. The choice of a trading strategy will depend on the characteristics of the exported products, the goals and objectives set, the desired profit and several other factors. Sales of products can be carried out through wholesale distribution channels or through opening a representative office and the organization of a dealer network.
Project logistics design. Even at the planning stage, you need to decide on the type of transport, choose the most profitable methods of delivery of goods. In addition, it is necessary to study in detail the features of border crossing and customs requirements of the importing country.
Organization of settlements under the contract. Most foreign economic transactions above five thousand dollars are subject to mandatory registration. The conditions of the procedure can be found directly in the servicing bank. As a result of the international division of labour, the material basis of exports is revenue, which serves as a source of funds to pay for imports.
Thus, as mentioned above, based on the provisions of the three fundamental multilateral trade agreements GATT, GATS and TRIPS, international trade in goods, services and intellectual property among WTO member countries is regulated.
Let
us consider the essence of export-import
operations.
Import
operations
are a
type
of
operations
in
foreign
economic
activity, when
goods
,
finished
products
are
moved
to the customs territory of the state or
services
are provided
from
foreign
suppliers.
Export
operations
are a
type
of
operations
in
foreign
economic
activity, when
goods
,
finished
products
are
moved
outside the customs territory of the state or
services
are rendered
to a
foreign
customer.
Thus
, export-import
operations
are
operations
for the movement of
goods
, raw materials,
finished
products
on the world
market
due to their
sale
to
foreign
buyers
. All export-import
transactions
accompany settlements between counterparties, which creates a system of
international
settlements. It should
be noted
that the movement of funds between
countries
serves two crucial functions:
-
firstly
, it contributes to the growth of
economic
benefits for both sides of the exchange. It is a profitable investment of money for exporting
countries
, while it is an additional income for
importing
countries.
-
secondly
, it develops social infrastructure: increases demand in the
labour
market
, provides the population with vital imported
goods
(
for example
, medicines). In
international
practice,
export
and import
operations
occur
only
commercially
,
namely
, upon signing a
foreign
economic
contract.
Export-import
operations
are considered
to
be completed
only
after the
goods
have crossed the customs border of a
foreign
counterparty. This fact can
only
happen under the condition of certain formalities (customs control and customs clearance). Export-import
operations
take place in several sequential stages:
1) study of the external
market
for the
sale
of
finished
products
and its conjuncture;
2) the formation of
export
resources in the
foreign
market;
3)
search and analysis of a
foreign
counterparty;
4) the conclusion of a
foreign
trade
contract;
5)
fulfilment
of all conditions of the contract.
The
main
document
that
is drawn
up when carrying out export-import
operations
is the
purchase
and
sale
contract
. The
contract
specifies the terms for the delivery of
goods
, the responsibility of the parties. Until 1995
-
the legal emergence of the WTO
-
international
trade
relations
were regulated
based on bilateral and multilateral treaties and the General
Agreement
on Tariffs and
Trade
, which entered into force in 1947, when the World
Trade
Organization
was established
in Marrakech, an umbrella
agreement
and four additions to it, which determine the
trade
relations of the WTO member
countries
. Appendix 1
-
multilateral
trade
agreements
, contains three fundamental
agreements
1A, 1B, 1C: Appendix 1A
-
General
Agreement
on Tariffs and
Trade
-
General
Agreement
on Tariffs and
Trade
(GATT); Appendix 1B
-
General
Agreement
on
Trade
in
Services
(
GATS
); Supplement 1C
-
Agreement
on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS).
The
main
element of the
contract
is the preamble, the subject of the
contract
, the price of the cargo, the quantity and quality of the delivered cargo, possible force
majeure
circumstances, the terms of delivery under the
international
rules
of
INCOTERMS
, penalties for non-compliance with the terms of the
contract
, arbitration sanctions and legal data of contractors. The
main
costs
in
foreign
trade
operations
include:
-
logistics
costs
;
-
insurance
costs
;
-
customs expenses;
-
intermediary
costs
. All commercial
transactions
in export-import
operations
are divided
into three
main
types:
1)
a
transaction
for the
sale
and
purchase
of
goods
(products);
2)
transaction
of
purchase
and
sale
of
services;
3)
a
transaction
for the acquisition of intellectual property. The
main
document
on which the accounting of export-import
transactions
is based
is
"
On Currency Regulation and Currency Control
"
.
Documentation of import-export
transactions
consists of more
documents
than registration of
transactions
with domestic
buyers
or suppliers.
So
, for each
foreign
economic
operation
, you need at least:
-
foreign
economic
agreement
. Such an
agreement
is drawn
up by both parties to the
transaction
and
is sealed
with the seals and signatures of authorized persons;
-
documents
for the
goods
being sold
(invoice);
-
transaction
passport, which the bank of the exporting enterprise forms;
-
various technical documentation accompanying the exported and imported
goods
;
-
transport
documents
for escorting
goods
;
-
invoices for payment; etc. It should
be noted
that most of the
documents
addressed to or received from a
foreign
trade
partner are
initially
created in 2 languages, and
documents
issued
only
in a
foreign
language
must
be accompanied
by a translation of the text that will
be required
for the Inspectorate of the Federal Tax
Service
during verification.
Also
, it should
be noted
that the number of copies of
documents
required to
be submitted
during inspections by tax and customs authorities is increasing.
Let
us discuss with an example.
Let
us
start
with the concept of
"
export
"
, which
comes
from lat.
exporto
, which means
"
to take out of the port.
"
A seller exporting
goods
abroad is
usually
called an exporter, while a
buyer
of such
goods
and
services
is
usually
an importer.
Export
operations
can be direct, indirect and joint. A direct
export
is the
sale
of a
product
directly
to a
foreign
buyer
. An indirect
export
is the
export
of
products
with the involvement of intermediaries (distribution
companies
, special agents, etc.
)
. Joint
export
is when, to
effectively
sell their
goods
in
international
markets, two or more manufacturers cooperate and
jointly
build a marketing and
sales
strategy.
The
first
thing that needs to
be done
is to draw up an algorithm for
clear
sequential actions to develop an expert strategy. The
export
plan will
allow
avoiding the
risks
inherent in
foreign
trade
companies
.
As a basis, we can take the following approximate list of activities:
Sales markets analysis. When choosing a
market
, it is necessary to take into account marketing data and the nuances of the legislation of the
importing
countries
. Particular attention should
be paid
to restrictions on the import of
goods
and the peculiarities of taxation, the presence of
own
production facilities for similar
goods
in the
importing
country
, cultural and ethnic differences.
Search for
buyers
. The choice of a trading strategy will depend on the characteristics of the exported
products
, the goals and objectives set, the desired profit and several other factors.
Sales
of
products
can
be carried
out through wholesale distribution channels or through opening a representative office and the organization of a dealer network.
Project logistics design. Even at the planning stage, you need to decide on the
type
of transport, choose the most profitable methods of delivery of
goods
.
In addition
, it is necessary to study in detail the features of border crossing and customs requirements of the
importing
country.
Organization of settlements under the
contract
. Most
foreign
economic
transactions
above five thousand dollars are subject to mandatory registration. The conditions of the procedure can
be found
directly
in the servicing bank.
As a result
of the
international
division of
labour
, the material basis of
exports
is revenue, which serves as a source of funds to pay for imports.
Thus
, as mentioned above, based on the provisions of the three fundamental multilateral
trade
agreements
GATT,
GATS
and TRIPS,
international
trade
in
goods
,
services
and intellectual property among WTO member
countries
is regulated
.