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Comparative study on accuracy of mucosal estradiol-17β, testosterone and 11-ketotestosterone

Comparative study on accuracy of mucosal estradiol-17β, testosterone and 11-ketotestosterone 2bRQM
This study was designed a comprehensive non-invasive procedure towards sex identification and maturity status that might be applied for other teleost species as well. Herein, E2, T, 11-KT, VTG and Ca of mucus were tracked, clarified and then compared to plasma, and gonad analyses in goldfish. In the present study, mucosal androgens considering for sex identification, and even contributing in males' reproductive status as an indicator. T had an acceptable trend resulted in sex identification, its accuracy was 89%, at the same time, had the lowest level (33%) of identification efficacy in maturity status. Regarding different roles of T playing in spermatogenesis (Schulz et al., 2010; Basak et al., 2016), synthesizing of 11-KT in spermiation evaluation besides males' sexual behaviour hormone (Barry et al., 1990), apparently can track in mucus in order to its further potential. Measurement of T levels in water maintaining Dentex dentex and in plasma, related to the number of females stocked in the tank (Pavlidis et al., 2004). Nevertheless, T level in females’ skin mucus has been currently lower than males. Florida gar (Lepisosteus platyrhincus), group-synchronous teleost spawned, sex steroids in plasma showed an upward trend as it comes to reproduction season (Orlando et al., 2007). Already there is a group-synchronous pattern herein, but the border of stages is apparently distinguishable across both goldfish genders. Only 11-KT of plasma, seemingly hit a peak in spring over upcoming warm. Indeed both mucosal androgens were fairly stable in pre-reproduction and reproduction seasons. Schultz et al., (2005) reported 13-fold higher for a range of mucosal 11-KT in males than females of Koi (Cyprinus carpio), which was not far from our results (mucus content was 7-ply compared with plasma). What is more, considering Barkowski and Haukenes (2014) indicating a direct relationship between 11-KT of mucus and plasma, strengthening of mucosal hormone is hands-on. Sex identification in white bass (Morone chysops) was correctly determined by 90% in the following, and a low error rate by 11-KT in mucus had been seen as a result. Similarly, the 11-KT accuracy has been observed at maturity stage detection (83%) and sex identification (89%). Inadequate knowledge on fish skin mucus components leads to hardly find out of how much sex steroids exist within, in particular E2 and T, However, there are several studies in mammals that proved the diffusion procedure and tissues' origin of mucus (Friedl et al., 2013; Wang & Shi 2017; Lock et al., 2018). The mucosal layer might play passive and active roles during the diffusion process relied on the shape and size of skin and mucus (Dünnhaupt et al., 2015), and fish sex hormones differentiation over seasonal and sex alteration might directly affect skin structure as a consequence (Pickering & Pottinger, 1985; Pottinger, 1987). Based on our study, E2 levels in mucus primarily were high at initial and late-vitellogenesis, even rather than plasma. In further, at vitellogenesis, protein levels of plasma were on top more than mucus. The reason why these two matrices have a significant difference. Although there is no data about fish mucosal E2, investigation of estrogens encoding a protein in mucus and epithelial cells have proved hypothesis of controlling mucus might be aligned with estrogens, a pivotal hormone in reproduction (Massart et al., 2004). In this survey, appearing of E2 in male’s mucus would not be debatable since it seems rational predicted the mucus VTG level or vtg gene expression in the skin. The ova-testis hypothesis and environmental estrogens disruptors’ effects were failed by monitoring testis histological slides. There is a potent tendency for inducing a gender reverse in cyprinids (Saoshiro et al., 2013; Hassell et al., 2016), and somales' behaviour would probably affectfemales or vice versa. Apart from androgens, E2 plays a critical role in mammals’ spermatogenesis process (Carreau & Galeraud-Denis, 2008), or even estrogen can take a burden as mediator testicular function and spermatogenesis in teleosts (Miura et al., 1999; Kobayashi et al., 2011; Laing et al., 2018). Pottinger et al., (2005) reported that plasma E2 could not be a suitable discriminator of sex in sea trout (Salmo trutta) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Even though, a high level of E2 in plasma of mature females is indicated in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) (Dahle et al., 2003), goldfish (Kagawa et al., 1983; Kobayashi et al., 1988) and Florida gar (Orlando et al., 2007). Turning primary-oocytes into mature ones through E2 affected ovary, or controlling the gene expression in different tissues like the liver (Marlatt et al., 2010) and E2 circulation in the blood all are key stimulator to VTG synthesis in the liver. Normally, VTG is synthesized and detectable only in matured females (Denslow et al., 1999; Tian et al., 2009). Yet, the hypothesis of physiological interaction in mucus, the first line of body components, and then direct interface with the peripheral aqueous medium (Fletcher et al., 1997; Sanahuja et al., 2019) leading to combination of environmental estrogens. In the present study, mucus VTG was identically at a low level compared to plasma, but it was apparently detectable and acceptable. Low expression level of the vtg in males' skin or/and even the level of E2 in males' body confirm their VTG secretion. VTG can be transmitted from plasma to mucus by a diffusion mechanism or another regulated mechanism unknown (Kishida et al., 1992), and since VTG is the yolk protein produced in the liver by estrogens activity; as a consequence, it is transferred to the ovary for oocyte as a final destination (Meucci & Arukwe 2005; Tian et al., 2009; Reading et al., 2017). High levels of vtg gene expression in the liver, therefore, would be expected inconsistent with our results. Similarly, vtg gene expression of ovaries was more than liver in white cloud mountain minnow (Tanichthys albonubes) (Wang et al., 2010) and sterlet sturgeon (Acipenser ruthenus) (Akhavan et al., 2016). Sex identification has been more distinguished by skin mucus Ca (73%) and VTG (61%) than E2 (44%). Certainly, because blood Ca is an indirect tool for detection of VTG during maturity progress, Ca content can be assayed as a biomarker of estrogens recirculation in females at once VTG levels (Svoboda et al., 2001; Linares-Casenave et al., 2003; Stahl et al., 2009). Although the Ca level of plasma was higher than mucus, there is sustainable amount of Ca observed in the mucus particularly during vitellogenesis.
This
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
study
was designed
a comprehensive non-invasive procedure towards
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
sex
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
identification
and
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
maturity
status that
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
might
be applied
for other teleost species
as well
. Herein, E2, T, 11-KT, VTG and Ca of
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
mucus
were
This phrase/word (depending on the context) can be potentially replaced with :
tracked
, clarified and then compared to
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
plasma
, and gonad analyses in goldfish.



In the present
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
study
, mucosal androgens considering for
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
sex
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
identification
, and even contributing in
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
males'
reproductive status as an indicator. T had an acceptable trend resulted in
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
sex
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
identification
, its accuracy was 89%, at the same time, had the lowest
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
level
(33%) of
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
identification
efficacy in
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
maturity
status. Regarding
This phrase/word is too simple and can be replaced with:
different
roles of T playing in spermatogenesis (Schulz et al., 2010; Basak et al., 2016), synthesizing of 11-KT in spermiation evaluation
besides
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
males'
sexual behaviour
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
hormone
(Barry et al., 1990),
apparently
can
This phrase/word (depending on the context) can be potentially replaced with :
track
in
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
mucus
in order to its
further
potential. Measurement of T
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
levels
in water maintaining Dentex dentex and in
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
plasma
, related to the number of
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
females
stocked in the tank (Pavlidis et al., 2004).
Nevertheless
, T
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
level
in
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
females’
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
skin
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
mucus
has been
currently
lower than males. Florida gar (Lepisosteus platyrhincus), group-synchronous teleost spawned,
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
sex
steroids in
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
plasma
This phrase/word (depending on the context) can be potentially replaced with :
showed
an upward trend as it
This phrase/word (depending on the context) can be potentially replaced with :
comes
to reproduction season (Orlando et al., 2007). Already there is a group-synchronous pattern herein,
This phrase/word is too simple and can be replaced with:
but
the border of stages is
apparently
distinguishable across both goldfish genders.
This phrase/word (depending on the context) can be potentially replaced with :
Only
11-KT of
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
plasma
,
seemingly
hit a peak in spring over upcoming warm.
Indeed
both mucosal androgens were
fairly
stable in pre-reproduction and reproduction seasons. Schultz et al., (2005) reported 13-fold higher for a range of mucosal 11-KT in males than
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
females
of Koi (Cyprinus carpio), which was not far from our results
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
(mucus
content was 7-
ply
compared with
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
plasma)
.
What is more
, considering Barkowski and Haukenes (2014) indicating a direct relationship between 11-KT of
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
mucus
and
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
plasma
, strengthening of mucosal
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
hormone
is hands-on.
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
Sex
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
identification
in white bass (Morone chysops) was
correctly
determined by 90% in the following, and a low error rate by 11-KT in
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
mucus
had been
This phrase/word (depending on the context) can be potentially replaced with :
seen
as a result
.
Similarly
, the 11-KT accuracy has
been observed
at
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
maturity
stage detection (83%) and
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
sex
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
identification
(89%).



Inadequate knowledge on fish
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
skin
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
mucus
components leads to hardly find out of how much
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
sex
steroids exist within,
in particular
E2 and T,
However
, there are several
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
studies
in mammals that proved the diffusion procedure and tissues' origin of
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
mucus
(Friedl et al., 2013; Wang & Shi 2017; Lock et al., 2018). The mucosal layer
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
might
play passive and active roles during the diffusion process relied on the shape and size of
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
skin
and
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
mucus
(Dünnhaupt et al., 2015), and fish
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
sex
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
hormones
differentiation over seasonal and
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
sex
alteration
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
might
directly
affect
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
skin
structure as a consequence (Pickering & Pottinger, 1985; Pottinger, 1987).



Based on our
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
study
, E2
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
levels
in
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
mucus
primarily
were high at initial and late-vitellogenesis, even
rather
than
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
plasma
. In
further
, at vitellogenesis, protein
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
levels
of
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
plasma
were on top more than
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
mucus
. The reason why these two matrices have a significant difference. Although there is no data about fish mucosal E2, investigation of estrogens encoding a protein in
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
mucus
and epithelial cells have proved hypothesis of controlling
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
mucus
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
might
be aligned
with estrogens, a pivotal
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
hormone
in reproduction (Massart et al., 2004). In this survey, appearing of E2 in male’s
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
mucus
would not be debatable since it seems rational predicted the
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
mucus
VTG
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
level
or vtg gene
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
expression
in the
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
skin
. The ova-testis hypothesis and environmental estrogens disruptors’ effects
were failed
by monitoring testis histological slides. There is a potent tendency for inducing a gender reverse in cyprinids (Saoshiro et al., 2013; Hassell et al., 2016), and somales' behaviour would
probably
affectfemales or vice versa. Apart from androgens, E2 plays a critical role in mammals’ spermatogenesis process (Carreau & Galeraud-Denis, 2008), or even estrogen can take a burden as mediator testicular function and spermatogenesis in teleosts (Miura et al., 1999; Kobayashi et al., 2011; Laing et al., 2018). Pottinger et al., (2005) reported that
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
plasma
E2 could not be a suitable discriminator of
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
sex
in sea trout (Salmo trutta) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar).
Even though
, a high
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
level
of E2 in
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
plasma
of mature
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
females
is indicated
in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) (Dahle et al., 2003), goldfish (Kagawa et al., 1983; Kobayashi et al., 1988) and Florida gar (Orlando et al., 2007).



Turning primary-oocytes into mature ones through E2
This phrase/word (depending on the context) can be potentially replaced with :
affected
ovary, or controlling the gene
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
expression
in
This phrase/word is too simple and can be replaced with:
different
tissues like the
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
liver
(Marlatt et al., 2010) and E2 circulation in the blood all are key stimulator to VTG synthesis in the
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
liver
.
Normally
, VTG
is synthesized
and detectable
This phrase/word (depending on the context) can be potentially replaced with :
only
in matured
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
females
(Denslow et al., 1999; Tian et al., 2009).
Yet
, the hypothesis of physiological interaction in
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
mucus
, the
first
line of body components, and then direct interface with the peripheral aqueous medium (Fletcher et al., 1997; Sanahuja et al., 2019) leading to combination of environmental estrogens. In the present
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
study
,
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
mucus
VTG was
identically
at a low
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
level
compared to
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
plasma
,
This phrase/word is too simple and can be replaced with:
but
it was
apparently
detectable and acceptable. Low
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
expression
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
level
of the vtg in
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
males'
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
skin
or/and even the
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
level
of E2 in
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
males'
body confirm their VTG secretion. VTG can
be transmitted
from
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
plasma
to
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
mucus
by a diffusion mechanism or another regulated mechanism unknown (Kishida et al., 1992), and since VTG is the yolk protein produced in the
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
liver
by estrogens activity; as a consequence, it
is transferred
to the ovary for oocyte as a final destination (Meucci & Arukwe 2005; Tian et al., 2009; Reading et al., 2017). High
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
levels
of vtg gene
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
expression
in the
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
liver
,
therefore
, would be
This phrase/word (depending on the context) can be potentially replaced with :
expected
inconsistent with our results.
Similarly
, vtg gene
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
expression
of ovaries was more than
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
liver
in white cloud mountain minnow (Tanichthys albonubes) (Wang et al., 2010) and sterlet sturgeon (Acipenser ruthenus) (Akhavan et al.,
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
2016). Sex
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
identification
has been more distinguished by
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
skin
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
mucus
Ca (73%) and VTG (61%) than E2 (44%).
Certainly
,
This phrase/word is too simple and can be replaced with:
because
blood Ca is an indirect tool for detection of VTG during
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
maturity
progress, Ca content can
be assayed
as a biomarker of estrogens recirculation in
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
females
at once VTG
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
levels
(Svoboda et al., 2001; Linares-Casenave et al., 2003; Stahl et al., 2009). Although the Ca
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
level
of
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
plasma
was higher than
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
mucus
, there is sustainable amount of Ca observed in the
You use this word too often, consider replacing it with
mucus
particularly
during vitellogenesis.
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IELTS essay Comparative study on accuracy of mucosal estradiol-17β, testosterone and 11-ketotestosterone

Essay
  American English
1 paragraphs
1056 words
6.0
Overall Band Score
Coherence and Cohesion: 5.0
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Grammatical Range: 6.5
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Task Achievement: 6.0
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