Students will investigate the principles and practices of plant, soil and water science aimed at developing sustainable crop production systems that reduce production inputs (like water, fertiliser and perticides) while maximizing yields of crops. These crop production systems should be the sort of systems used by indigenous people for agriculture. Students will collect both primary and seconday data.

Australian indigenous farming practices can be seen as a sustainable agriculture. The idea of indigenous farming is (1) care for land, water, air and the environment (Global Oneness Project, 2007). They converted land into the grasslands to "maintain" cattle, trees and fresh water supplies. (2) Effective use of land and resources. An advanced navigation management programme using fire, native flower life cycles and natural water flow has been used to ensure abundant wildlife and plant food throughout the year (J. Korff, 2020). (3) Minimizing ecological damage; using manure, ash and compost to replace the chemical fertiliser (Clickview, 2018). This report's experimental investigation was refined by indigenous manure, ash, and compost fertilisation practices. The experiment will examine how ash as a fertiliser is a sustainable method of farming. The research question is, does Australian indigenous farming practice (using ash as a fertiliser) develop a sustainable system of crop production? Ash is, in fact, a good source of calcium, potassium, phosphorus and magnesium, which also increases soil pH. This is a good source of many micro-nutrients needed for adequate plant growth in trace amounts (J. Gaskin, 2016). The use of synthetic pesticides or fertilisers is not included, organic farms (no chemicals used) tend to have more fertile soil, consume less energy and emit 40% less carbon dioxide and promote 30% more biodiversity than conventional farms (use of synthetic chemical fertilisers, pesticides, herbicides and other continuous inputs) (N. ZIMMERMAN, 2020). As a development, the hypothesis is that ash as a fertiliser is one of the sustainable indigenous Australian practises, because it does less damage to soil and air quality and improves crop system productivity. Research data from scholars of the University of Georgia and Barnard are up-to - date, written by experts in the field of research; the Sustainable Agriculture Coordinator, Crop & Soil Sciences, without bias, is considered to be reliable and valid. The hypothesis was then tested by a fair test experiment in which the only independent variable (ash) was changed while controlling (1) pot and container size, (2) the same type and amount of soil, water and plant, and (3) the environment (where the experiment occurred). Plant A: without ash mixture in the soil Plant B: ash mixed with soil First, the ash was formed and mixed with the soil. Then the soil (normal and mixed with ash) was put in two pots of the same size. Each garlic clove has been placed in a pot. Both pots were then placed in the same container, containing the same amount of water, and placed at the same location. As a result, the graph shows plant height growth over a four-day period. At the beginning, the two garlic cloves were of the same height (0 cm). Garlic cloves grown faster in mixed soil with ash (plant A) than without ash-mixed soil (plant B) within four days. Plant A sharply increased its height to 1. 3 cm, while plant B slowly increased its height to 0. 5 cm. The difference was more than twice (0. 5×2 = 1. 0). As a result, the hypothesis of using ash as a fertiliser is one of sustainable indigenous farming practices as it increases productivity and reduces damage to soil and air quality. As a result, the crop system in modern society using indigenous farming practices would increase productivity without causing much damage. The investigation was followed by scientific expertise, such as a scientific method and a fair test. Risks of the technique, method have been identified once ash has been produced; self-harm, atmospheric pollution and plant specimen damage experiments. For this purpose, the size of the experiment was small, and only cool-down ash was used to minimise the risk. The experiment and data collection are not reliable and valid for research purposes, as agriculture is much larger than just planting a small sample plant in a pot. It could have more variables, such as pest, water source, soil type in Australia, and weather conditions. The low sample size of this experiment is a major limitation and therefore the evidence is limited in its ability to be used to extrapolate the findings of the experiment to a sustainable crop system in modern society. This experiment could be improved by increasing the number of repeat readings of each sample, increasing the number of samples and running the (trial) experiment more than once. But one thing we know is that if we produce a crop system by refining Indigenous farming practices, they can maximise enough productivity while reducing production inputs such as fertilisers, especially chemical ones that harm and destroy the nature of the land.